![]() discuss important recommendations for family physicians in the efforts at providing “practical guidance on definition, diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment, no dementia.” They consider it necessary for the general practitioner to know CIND as a condition with an increased risk of dementia and to monitor the patients with this condition.ġ.2. Īs a result of the Third Canadian Consensus conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia, Chertkow et al. It is a condition with similar criteria such as for mild cognitive impairment that could be applied when there is impaired performance of cognitive tests or cognitive complains. CIND does not require the determination of the degree or the specific cause of the cognitive decline. Īnother widely used term for milder impairment of cognition, situated between normal aging and dementia, is “cognitive impairment, no dementia, CIND,” characterized by impairment in any objectively tested cognitive area. The relations between the states of memory decline and conditions of cognitive impairments without significant memory changes are still unclear. This definition is later amplified with impairments of other areas of cognition like naming, abstract thinking, spatial localization, and ability to communicate. , comprises subjective complaints of memory impairment, normal daily activity, normal cognitive functioning, memory impairment (1–2 standard deviations below the norms), and absence of dementia. The definition of MCI syndrome, made by Petersen et al. Criteria for diagnosis of preclinical forms of vascular dementia-mild cognitive impairment of vascular type (MCI-V) and vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia-have been also developed. ![]() It is a syndrome characterized by a cognitive decline, sufficiently serious to be considered a result of normal aging, but not reaching the criteria for dementia syndrome and associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, most commonly Alzheimer’s disease. The most frequently used term-mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-is defined as an early stage of neurodegenerative pathology, a transient phase between normal aging and dementia. The variety of such terms created over the years and their content are widely discussed in the literature and will not be analyzed here. Research related to the early diagnosis of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia brought about the differentiation of many terms indicating boundary or intermediate conditions of cognitive changes without dementia. This necessitates the implementation of effective measures for successful and active aging, and they require more clarity about the cognitive aging dimensions. A better understanding of normal aging itself is also extremely important because of the increase in life expectancy and, respectively, of elderly people. Early differentiation of normal aging from neurodegenerative pathology is of great importance in terms of timely adequate treatment helping to postpone further cognitive decline. The decline in cognitive functioning has long been traditionally considered a consequence of normal aging, and since dementia caused by neurodegenerative diseases has a long preclinical stage, it may not be recognized for months or even years. Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment, no dementiaĪge-related cognitive changes are widely discussed by the researchers, and rich evidences about them are reported in the literature. A four-factor structure was established, all four factors explaining 71% of the variance.ġ.1. Principal component analysis with oblimin rotation was performed to explore the different dimensions in the visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities in old age. Drawing of cube and house could be used for quick screening of CIND in subjects over 60. Results proved the discriminative sensitivity of BVRT general assessment criteria and of omissions and distortions in CIND. The diagnostic sensitivity of a modification of Moore and Wike scoring system for house and cube drawing tasks was confirmed as well. Drawing of cube and drawing of house, Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Block design are used to test the hypothesis that short visuoconstructive and visuospatial tests can distinguish normal from pathological cognitive aging in its very early stages. ![]() The sample includes 188 participants over 60 years of age, divided in 2 groups: healthy subjects (MMSE ≥28), without cognitive complaints, and individuals with CIND (MMSE between 24 and 27 and subjective cognitive complains). Constructive and visuospatial abilities in normal and in pathological aging (cognitive impairment, no dementia, CIND) are investigated. ![]()
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